初中英语有许多的语法,掌握了对写作阅读有大帮助小编在这里整理了五种供大家阅读,快来学习学习吧!
初中英语五种语法知识点总结
一.名词
I.名词的种类:
专有名词 |
普通名词 |
|||
国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称 |
可数名词 |
不可数名词 |
||
个体名词 |
集体名词 |
抽象名词 |
物质名词 |
|
II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则 |
例词 |
||
1 |
一般情况在词尾加-s |
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days |
|
2 |
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es |
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes |
|
3 |
以-f或-fe结尾的词 |
变-f和-fe为v再加-es |
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s |
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs |
||
4 |
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es |
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities |
|
5 |
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s |
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys |
|
6 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 |
一般加-es |
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外来词加-s |
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos |
||
两者皆可 |
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos |
||
7 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s |
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos |
|
8 |
以-th结尾的名词加-s |
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则 |
例词 |
||
1 |
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 |
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice |
|
2 |
单复数相同 |
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, |
|
3 |
只有复数形式 |
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents |
|
4 |
一些集体名词总是用作复数 |
people, police, cattle, staff |
|
5 |
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) |
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party |
|
6 |
复数形式表示特别含义 |
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) |
|
7 |
表示“某国人” |
加-s |
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
单复数同形 |
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese |
||
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women |
Englishmen, Frenchwomen |
||
8 |
合成名词 |
将主体名词变为复数 |
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 |
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches |
||
将两部分变为复数 |
women singers, men servants |
III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s |
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, |
|
复数名词 |
一般在末尾加’ |
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不规则复数名词后加’s |
the children’s toys, women’s rights, |
|
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ |
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house |
|
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s |
|
|
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s |
|
|
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 |
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 |
表示时间 |
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 |
表示自然现象 |
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 |
表示国家城市等地方的名词 |
the country’s plan, the world’s population, |
4 |
表示工作群体 |
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 |
表示度量衡及价值 |
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 |
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 |
the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 |
某些固定词组 |
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:
1 |
指一类人或事,相当于a kind of |
A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 |
第一次提及某人某物,非特指 |
A boy is waiting for you. |
3 |
表示“每一”相当于every,one |
We study eight hours a day. |
4 |
表示“相同”相当于the same |
We are nearly of an age. |
5 |
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 |
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 |
用于固定词组中 |
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 |
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 |
This room is rather a big one. |
8 |
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 |
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠词的用法:
1 |
表示某一类人或物 |
The horse is a useful animal. |
2 |
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 |
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 |
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 |
Would you mind opening the door? |
4 |
用于乐器前面 |
play the violin, play the guitar |
5 |
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 |
the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 |
表示“一家人”或“夫妇” |
the Greens, the Wangs |
7 |
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 |
He is the taller of the two children. |
8 |
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 |
the |
9 |
用于表示发明物的单数名词前 |
The compass was invented in |
10 |
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 |
in the 1990’s |
11 |
用于表示单位的名词前 |
I hired the car by the hour. |
12 |
用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 |
He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠词的用法:
1 |
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 |
Beijing University, Jack, |
2 |
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 |
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 |
季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 |
March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 |
表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 |
Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 |
学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 |
He likes playing football/chess. |
6 |
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 |
by train, by air, by land |
7 |
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 |
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 |
表示泛指的复数名词前 |
Horses are useful animals. |
三.代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
1 |
人称代词 |
主格 |
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
宾格 |
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them |
||
2 |
物主代词 |
形容词性 |
my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名词性 |
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs |
||
3 |
反身代词 |
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves |
|
4 |
指示代词 |
this, that, these, those, such, some |
|
5 |
疑问代词 |
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever |
|
6 |
关系代词 |
that, which, who, whom, whose, as |
|
7 |
不定代词 |
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, |
|
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either |
II. 不定代词用法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.
3. none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.
2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容词和副词
I.形容词:
1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1 |
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 |
nobody absent, everything possible |
2 |
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 |
the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 |
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 |
the only person awake |
4 |
和空间、时间、单位连用时 |
a bridge 50 meters long |
5 |
成对的形容词可以后置 |
a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 |
形容词短语一般后置 |
a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 |
数词 |
性状形容词 |
||||||||
冠词前的形容词 |
冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 |
序数词 |
基数词 |
性质 状态 |
大小 长短 形状 |
新旧 温度 |
颜色 |
国籍 产地 |
材料 质地 |
名词 |
all both such |
the a this another your |
second next |
one four |
beautiful good poor |
large short square |
new cool |
black yellow |
Chinese London |
silk stone |
3) 复合形容词的构成:
1 |
形容词+名词+ed |
kind-hearted |
6 |
名词+形容词 |
world-famous |
2 |
形容词+形容词 |
dark-blue |
7 |
名词+现在分词 |
peace-loving |
3 |
形容词+现在分词 |
ordinary-looking |
8 |
名词+过去分词 |
snow-covered |
4 |
副词+现在分词 |
hard-working |
9 |
数词+名词+ed |
three-egged |
5 |
副词+过去分词 |
newly-built |
10 |
数词+名词 |
twenty-year |
II. 副词
副词的分类:
1 |
时间副词 |
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently |
5 |
频度副词 |
always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 |
地点副词 |
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above |
6 |
疑问副词 |
how, where, when, why |
3 |
方式副词 |
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really |
7 |
连接副词 |
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 |
程度副词 |
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather |
8 |
关系副词 |
when, where, why |
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I amnot so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a moreworrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介词
I.介词分类:
1 |
简单介词 |
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
2 |
合成介词 |
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
3 |
短语介词 |
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
4 |
双重介词 |
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
5 |
分词转化成的介词 |
considering(就而论), including |
6 |
形容词转化成的介词 |
like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介词区别:
1 |
表示时间的in, on, at |
at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关 |
2 |
表示时间的since, from |
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 |
3 |
表示时间的in, after |
in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 |
4 |
表示地理位置的in, on, to |
in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 |
5 |
表示“在…上”的on, in |
on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 |
6 |
表示“穿过”的through, across |
through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 |
7 |
表示“关于”的about, on |
about指涉及到,on指专门论述 |
8 |
between与among的区别 |
between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 |
9 |
besides与except的区别 |
besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 |
10 |
表示“用”的in, with |
with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 |
11 |
as与like的区别 |
as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似 |
12 |
in与into区别 |
in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置 |
分类词汇记忆
疾病与伤痛
accident |
事故,意外的事 |
ache |
疼痛 |
blind |
失明 |
burn |
烧伤火、热或酸所造成的伤害或伤痕 |
cancer |
癌症 |
cold |
伤风;感冒 |
cough |
咳嗽 |
cut |
剪;切;割 |
disease |
疾病 |
fever |
发烧;发热 |
flu |
流感 |
headache |
头痛 |
illness |
疾病;生病;不健康 |
problem |
问题,难题 |
toothache |
牙疼 |
trouble |
问题,疾病;烦恼,麻烦 |
wound |
伤,伤害 |
感觉与情感
ache |
疼痛 |
attention |
注意,关心 |
care |
照料,保护,小心 |
cheer |
欢呼;喝彩 |
cheat |
骗取,哄骗,作弊 |
cry |
喊叫;哭 |
doubt |
怀疑;疑惑 |
emotion |
感情,情感 |
excuse |
原谅;宽恕 |
favorite |
最受喜爱的(东西) |
fear |
恐惧,害怕 |
feeling |
感觉,知觉,触觉 |
fun |
快乐;有趣的,令人愉快的 |
greeting |
祝贺 |
hate |
恨;讨厌 |
hobby |
嗜好,兴趣 |
interest |
兴趣,爱好 |
joy |
欢乐,高兴,乐趣 |
laugh |
笑;大笑;嘲笑 |
love |
爱;热爱;很喜欢 |
pardon |
原谅,宽恕 |
peace |
和平;安宁;静寂 |
pity |
怜悯;同情 |
pleasure |
愉快;快乐;高兴 |
praise |
赞扬,表扬 |
pride |
自豪,骄傲 |
regard |
关心,注意,致意,问候,尊敬 |
respect |
尊敬,尊重 |
regret |
可惜,遗憾;痛惜;哀悼 |
shame |
羞愧,惭愧 |
silence |
寂静;沉默 |
sense |
感觉,判断力 |
smell |
气味;嗅觉 |
smile |
微笑 |
surprise |
使吃惊;景气;令人意想不到的事情 |
sweet |
甜蜜 |
taste |
尝;品尝;品味 |
thank |
感谢;谢意 |
touch |
碰,触摸 |
wish |
愿望;祝愿 |
wonder |
惊讶,惊叹;奇迹 |
worry |
烦恼;担忧;发怒;困扰 |
victory |
胜利 |
初中英语五种语法知识点总结相关文章:
1.初中英语语法八大时态总结
2.初中生的英语语法总结
3.初中英语语法总结大全
4.中考英语语法知识点归纳
5.小升初英语语法知识点总结